Asherman syndrome is a gynecologic condition characterized by intrauterine adhesions that impair endometrial regeneration and are associated with infertility, menstrual abnormalities, and adverse reproductive outcomes. Current treatments, including hysteroscopic adhesiolysis and hormonal therapy, primarily aim to restore uterine cavity structure but often fail to achieve full functional regeneration of the endometrium, particularly in patients with moderate to severe disease. This paper examines the underlying pathophysiology of Asherman syndrome, emphasizing the role of basal layer damage, impaired vascularization, fibrosis, and disrupted stem cell activity in limiting endometrial repair. Stem cell–based therapies have emerged as a promising regenerative approach to address these limitations. Evidence from preclinical models demonstrates that mesenchymal stem cells and related therapies can promote angiogenesis, reduce fibrosis, enhance cellular proliferation, and improve endometrial thickness and gland formation. Early clinical studies further suggest improvements in menstrual function, endometrial receptivity, and pregnancy outcomes in patients with treatment-resistant disease. However, current findings remain limited by heterogeneity in study design, variability in cell sources and delivery methods, and a lack of standardized protocols and long-term safety and efficacy data. Overall, stem cell–based therapies represent a potential shift toward regenerative treatment strategies for Asherman syndrome. Continued research focused on standardization, optimization of delivery systems, and large-scale clinical trials will be essential to determine their clinical applicability and long-term impact on reproductive outcomes.