Adolescent pregnancy constitutes a public health problem in Cuba, with significant biological, psychological, and social repercussions. Despite advances in the Cuban healthcare system, fertility rates in this age group have remained stable or have increased in certain regions, reflecting deficiencies in comprehensive sexual education and access to contraceptive methods. This phenomenon disproportionately affects vulnerable sectors, perpetuating cycles of poverty and limiting young women’s educational and occupational development. Consequences include increased risk of abortion, obstetric complications such as preterm delivery and low birth weight, as well as mother-child bonding disorders. Furthermore, it is associated with school dropout, family instability, and overburdening of the healthcare system. Evidence suggests that the lack of effective sexual education programs, together with cultural and economic factors, contribute to the persistence of the problem. A multisectoral approach is required, involving the family, the school, and health services, with emphasis on prevention and psychosocial support. This article reviews the magnitude and social effects of adolescent pregnancy in Cuba, proposing lines of action based on available evidence.